Part 1- SUMMARIZE Sections 1 and 2 on Latin Americans, Native Americans, and Women. In about a 3/4 page- discuss how their rights and equalities did or did not change during this era. Make sure to draw similarities and differences.
Part 2- DEFINE counterculture and explain what role it played in both Civil Rights and War Protests. (about 1/4 page).
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During the 1960s women joined with the African-Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans to fight for equality in the world. The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men was known as feminism, which stood behind the women’s movement in 1960. Women in the 1960s started working in clerical services, domestic services, retail sails, social work, teaching, and nursing. However, certain jobs had still been considered “men’s work” and women were not paid as much. When President Kennedy appointed Commission on the Status of Women, women soon realized their unequal status in society. Women started to work together in the late 1960s gaining political and social gains in society. When the National Organization for Women emerged they pushed for equality. As the movement progressed, Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment, which needed ratification by 38 states and only got 35. Even though ERA was not a success The Women’s Movement still changed society. Women had more job opportunities, had a better education, and participated in voting. This opened a wide variety of possibilities and opportunities for women.
During the 1960s Latinos faced discrimination in jobs and housing. As Latinos started to grow in America they started to fight for equality and respect for their culture and heritage. In 1965, Chavez boycotted California grapes for three weeks. However in 1970, Huerta and the UFWOC negotiated a deal and the Union workers were guaranteed higher wages. In 1968, Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act, which allowed schools the funds to start programs for non-English-speaking children. Latinos also started organizing political groups. The Mexican American Political Association emerged to help elect Edward Roybal. During the 1960s eight Hispanic Americans served in the House of Representatives. In 1970, La Raza Unida was established, a independent Latino political movement. This group helped run candidates for mayor, and school boards.
During the 1960s Native Americans were treated similar to Latinos, and women. In 1954 the “termination” policy emerged. Native Americans culture was gone, and they were relocated into urban American life. This plan failed. In 1961 they drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose, which stated Natives could choose their own way of life. The Declaration ended termination and created economic opportunities for Native Americans. Native Americans felt discontent and then the American Indian Movement emerged to ensure Native Americans with equal rights. In 1972 Native Americans marched the “Trail of Broken Treaties” in Washington, D.C. and protested to the United States government. The Natives wanted their land restored and for the abolition of the BIA. In the early 1970s, Congress passed the Indian Education Act and the Indian Self-Determination Act; as a result of these laws they gave the Natives more control over their own affairs. In 1970, Natives went to court to gain their right to their land back this resulted in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 which gave the Natives more than 40 million acres.
Counterculture is a movement made up mostly of white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s. Hippies tried to establish a new society based on peace and love. They did not care what color you were and they did not judge you. They wanted people to believe in peace. The lifestyle of hippies changed the world, men would cook and women would fix cars. This ended up changing the civil rights of women. They changed the way people protested because they influenced people to believe in peace and a loving world without war and discrimination.
In section 1 and 2 Latin Americans, Native Americans and women fought for their rights and equalities. All groups have gained some sort of political and social respect. The Latin Americans gained respect for their heritage and culture. This was represented in the strengths of unions. They won higher wages and better working conditions. Also, they won it with non violence protests. The political power was established in positions like school boards and councils. White women gained more political power when compared to Latin Americans. Their biggest gain was found in the area of education. They worked real hard to have acts passed like the Bilingual Education Act helping non English speaking children earn an education. As for the Native Americans, I feel that they were treated the harshly. Their loss was profound. They did make gains important to their culture too. They won the right for self-sufficiency and were compensated. Sadly, their compensation and fight for reform was slow. They did not make gains as quickly as women (white) or Latinos. Plus they gained some land in areas of Alaska and New Mexico. Considering the harsh treatment and massacres that occurred, this minority group seemed to be treated less important or less of a priority than Latin Americans or women. Maybe it has something to do with their passive and peaceful spirits and culture. Women, although a minority, were treated much better than the two other groups. The gained the most political power and social gains. For example the New Right movement gained recognition in the workforce and in the home. I believe that all three groups made progress in equality. Also, each group would effect or promote equality that each would benefit from.
Counter culture is a movement made up of mostly white middle class youth who tried to build a new society based on love and peace. They became disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustice in America during the 1960s. These people were known as hippies. Hippies in the civil rights movement were very helpful for blacks to get their rights. They helped because they believed in everyone being equal and peace on earth. Hippies would protest with songs, marches and their philosophy. They had a change in attitude about living and working together and it didn’t matter what race, religion or nationality you were.
KaitlynGrieb... i think that the hippies life style really influenced on the civil rights movement because they believed in everyone being equal no matter who you were.
Part One:
First of all, the Latinos were made up of people from numerous ethnic backgrounds; many that came in search for better jobs, but received much racial discrimination and suffered unemployment because they’d be denied work because of their race. They weren’t just going to sit around; they fought for better treatment and representation. One of the ways they accomplished this was by forming the United Farm Workers organizing Committee, (defined as a labor union formed in 1966 to seek higher wages and better working conditions for Mexican-American farm workers in California.) Their actions would lead to the inspiration of other movements that would gain them further equality.
The Native Americans (who were subject to cruelty right from the start) were the largest group to suffer from tuberculosis and alcoholism; when the Eisenhower administration decided they should correct this problem, they used the same plan of disrespecting their culture by relocating them. In response, 61 Native Americans drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose; which called an end to the Eisenhower termination program so new opportunities could be created for the Native Americans on the reservations. The youth group of the Native Americans formed their own group called the American Indian Movement to create a speedier movement for Native American rights. To protest, Native Americans joined marches, destroying of government property, and even keeping the village of Wounded Knee (where the Seventh Cavalry had massacred many innocent Native Americans) hostage. The hostage, in particular got the government’s attention, and they passed the Indian Education Act and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act. Many Natives even went to court and received their rightful land back. Native Americans were able to reconstruct their tribes through a lot of hard work and determination.
While women received more rights than most minority groups, they were still treated beneath men and decided that they did not want to be housewives for eternity. This lead to the belief of feminism, in which women feel they should be absolutely equal to men in every way. Reason for these extreme feelings may have been due to the job discrimination that they were faced with and the low pay they were forced to deal with if they did work. After the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the women’s movement grew large enough to create the National Organization for Women; which fought for child care facilities so mothers could attend work, and forced the reduction of sex discrimination when hiring. These successes lead to not only more women joining in numbers, but other segregated issues were brought into question including: women being denied playing sports, abortion, and all male colleges. Finally, Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment which gave both men and women the same rights and protection by law. However, through radical groups that opposed feminism, the ERA wasn’t approved. Still, women had made a large enough impact to where there were more jobs and a better mindset for women being equals.
Part 2:
In the dictionary, counterculture is defined as, “the culture and lifestyle of those people, especially among the young, who reject or oppose the dominant values and behavior of society.” As stated, counter culture was expressed more often by the younger generations, so people may assume that it wasn’t effective towards the Civil Rights movements. However, countercultures lead to rebellious youth who would take more extreme actions than others that would get the government’s attention. For example, when the youthful Native Americans lead violent protests and even took hostages, it made Congress more willing to reconsider their terms in fear of an uprising. The younger generations also inspired those who were younger than them and created a new mindset for the future, where race or sex didn’t affect the treatment you received. Counterculture was like a wave of new ideas and beliefs that would eventually become society’s own.
@AnthonyPecca- I agree that the Native Americans were cruelly treated as well which may have lead to their more violent forms of protesting. However, I also think that even though the protests were indeed as you described "slow" that the youth of the Native Americans assisted greatly in speeding the process up
Part 1
As the concept of equality grew, Latinos also wanted their share of equality. In 1959, many Cubans fled to the United States because of Fidel Castro’s communist rule. Also, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Nicaraguans, and Colombians immigrated to the United States to escape civil war and poverty. As the Latino population in the U.S. grew, they wanted to have the equal representation that everyone else had. They had programs in order to achieve their goals for equality. For example, César Chávez organized a boycott which eventually led to higher wages and other benefits. Just like Martin Luther King Jr., Chávez helped the Latinos through nonviolent ways to achieve equality.
After decades of mistreatment, Native Americans have longed dream of equality. They have suffered the highest unemployment rate and deaths in infants. Unlike other ethnicities, Native Americans have been relocated from many years back. When President Lyndon Johnson became president, he established the National Council on Indian Opportunity to help give back to the Native Americans. However, the younger generation of the Native Americans wanted a faster pace of reform. As a result, the rise of the American Indian Movement (AIM) came about and they’re often a militant Native American rights organization. This organization organized rebellious acts and retaliated at the government. Finally, Congress made reforms such as the Indian Education Act and the Indian Self-Determination and Education.
Not only do other ethnicities receive unequal treatment, but also women do, too. As years passed, more and more rights have been given to women. However they still haven’t gotten equal treatment. For example, they were rejected for certain jobs because they were considered “men’s” jobs. Just like the Latinos and Native Americans, they were given lower wages. Also, an organization was created in order to fight for rights. Their organization was called National Organization for Women (NOW). Their organization demanded a ban on gender discrimination and pushed mothers to pursue jobs and education. Some women began to do their own kind of rebellious actions, such as refusing to take their husbands last name. In 1972, Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment, but it required ratification from 38 states. In order to combat this amendment, conservatives gave rise to the New Right. In the end, the Equal Rights Amendment didn’t receive enough ratifications and it was forgotten. Even though women haven’t received their equality like the Latinos and Native Americans, they still have received more rights than they had before.
Part 2
Counterculture, a movement made up mostly of white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s, was a major topic that has shaped American culture. Counterculture emphasized on peace and this brought the growth of hippies. They believed that everyone should be equal and no matter what race you are, you deserve the same treatment. Instead of violent riots to get back at Congress, they resorted to peaceful activities like marches. Counterculture has become a movement that has helped American culture progress even more.
Haley,
I agree that Native Americans were cruelly treated first because they were forced off land they have been living on for many years when the explorers first came to America.
Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans had been growing population wise and desperate for rights. Mexican Americans had much of the population and wanted better respect. Cesar Chavez helped Mexicans form a movement called United Farm Workers Organization Committee (UFWOC). A few months later union workers had higher wages. Mexicans used similar slogans or strategies. Mexicans were able to be in political offices and some created political parties. Native Americans had rights but not equality. Natives did not want to live like Americans. They suffered more than any other ethnic group. President Johnson made a National council for them to “give natives their needs”. Natives change was not happening at the past they wanted and created the American Indian Movement. They created marches to Washington D.C and talked about all the treaties that were broken. Indians managed to convince congress to make change. Two acts were made to help the Indians. In section two it was about women fighting for equality. Feminism was a belief that women should participate in politics, economy, and social equality. Women were paid very low wages, even though it was the same job as a “man”. President Kennedy was the first to make a change, or realize the discrimination towards women. Most women were encouraged by a book called The Feminine Mystique. An organization was made and called National Organization for Women also known as NOW. This made more child-care assistance while women were being educated or at work. Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972.
Natives, Latinos, and Women had the same problem of equality. Natives were told to live like Americans, Mexicans were to live like poor farmers, and women had to live and work at home. They all wanted their choice to live and pick choices to make their own lives. Differences were that women had rights but no equality. Natives and Latinos were to live separate from the whites. Natives had the Native Education Act passed. Women had the Equal Rights Passed and Mexican farmers received higher wages.
Counterculture was a culture made by young people looking for individual rights, love, and peace. It had a big effect towards most people. The young ones had dropped out of work or school to be a part of this culture. Society saw it has a rebellious movement for illegal use of drugs. This culture had it own sense of fashion like long hair, ripped jeans, and tie died shirts. At some point this became known as the Hippie era. Instead of peace it had created violence and many of them members had to find their own home. “Hippies” now had to depend on each other.
@ Nelson:
It's really dipressing when people come to another country that has rights and freedom and then they're very mistreated.
Minorities and ill-treated groups entered a new era of rights and equality as time progressed through the 1960’s and the early 1970’s. Recognizing America as a country where “all men are created equal,” these groups sought to gain freedom by means of protesting, striking, boycotting, and even violence. Specifically, these groups worked to acquire equal pay, social status, a higher standard of living, and land. Although they did not fully accomplish their goals, they proved that minorities or lesser groups can make their way towards freedom despite stereotypes and opposition from many “average” Americans.
The Latino population of America was a group that received ethic prejudice, discrimination in jobs, and a lack of respect for their culture. An awareness of inequality drove the Latino people of America to form committees and preform mass walkouts and strikes. Chavez and Dolores Huerta were two people who helped shape and direct the movement. They formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC). With this organization, the Huerta’s created a nation-wide grape boycott in an effort to raise wages for Latino workers. He succeeded in 1970. There was also Puerto Ricans in New York who pushed for classes for Spanish-speaking children; this resulted with the Bilingual Education Act. Other educational advances followed later.
The Native Americans created the Declaration of Indian Purpose, which encouraged Natives to live independently from the American society and called for an end to Eisenhower’s termination program. LBJ responded by creating an organization to help the “needs and desires” of the Indians, but the natives thought that the pace of the program was unsatisfactory. They empowered AIM, the American Indian Movement, and staged violent demonstrations to get the government’s attention. Acts were passed in order to satisfy the Indians. Natives also pushed for land that had been taken from them; they received almost a billion dollars of land and got 40 million acres of land in Alaska as a result. The Indians were the most violent of the three groups to receive more rights.
Lastly, women pushed for economic and social reform. They were rightfully tired of receiving less pay than men for jobs and being shut out of activities or jobs that were formerly “reserved for men.” They organized groups to raise awareness about the lack of equality that women received. One such organization, the National Organization for Women, aimed to eliminate job discrimination, create child-care facilities, and ban gender-restricted education. They succeeded in all of this, and women began to fill many positions that had been reserved for men previously.
Counter Culture was an attempt by a group of people to head in a new direction; they attempted to create their own society and culture. They focused on peace, love, and harmony, and were people who opposed America’s involvement in wars. They ventured outside of standard norms are partook in activities that may have been considered “horrendous” in previous generations. Hippies fashioned themselves strangely, grew out their hair, and became attached to drugs. Their resentment for the war, combined with their style of rebellion against society, resulted with other groups reacting violently in an attempt to heighten their freedoms. As the hippies’ colors faded, they left America with a new take on subjects that had previously been prohibited. Society began to adjust to having more violent or sexual subjects being presented in everyday life.
Responding to everyone
It's kind of great how much the U.S. has progressed with civil rights over the past 100 years. However, there is still a lot of discrimination going on in the country today. Will we ever reach a point were literally every person, ethnic group, and religious group are all treated exactly the same with the same amount of respect?
As the Latino population in the U.S. grew, their desire for equal rights and respect grew as well. Latino workers faced discrimination, but through nonviolent protests, they were eventually able to receive the wages and working conditions that they desired. In 1968, Congress passed the Bilingual Education Act, which enabled schools to develop bilingual and heritage programs for children who did not speak English. Latinos weren’t the only ones who struggled for equality; Native Americans were on the same page. Native Americans had the highest unemployment rate, and they were rather poor. This led to the growth of the American Indian Movement (AIM), which fought for Native American rights. The Native Americans went to federal court to fight for some of their lands back, and they did manage to gain some of it back. Congress also passed the Indian Education Act and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, which gave the Native Americans more control over their own dealings and education. Even though Women were not a minority group, they also didn’t receive equal treatment. Women’s desire to have an equal standing with men led to the rise of feminism, which won them the right to vote in 1920. Women were shut out of “men’s work,” and the jobs that were available to them were mostly clerical work, domestic service, retail sales, social work, teaching, and nursing. On top of that, they were also paid poorly. This discrimination got women involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Congress passed a ban on gender discrimination as part of the Higher Education Act in 1972. The women’s movement changed women’s conventional roles, their attitudes towards career and family, their career opportunities, and their political standing. Each group—Latinos, Native Americans, and women—fought in the Civil Rights Movement, and it changed their standing in America forever.
Counterculture – “The culture of the young people who rejected mainstream American society, seeking to create an alternative society based on peace, love, and individual freedom.” These “young people” were known as Hippies. Hippies believed that everyone should be equal no matter what race or sex a person was. They were disappointed with the Vietnam War and the prejudices going on in America. Hippies protested these things by going against traditional America. They also protested through music, art, and marches.
@ KaitlynGrieb - I really like what you said about the views of the Hippies and how it changed the way people protested. I liked how you included, "...men would cook and women would fix cars." It was a good way to make your point. :) Some people may think that the Hippies weren't really a big deal, but I think they really helped in changing the way people thought about things. I think their role in the Civil Rights Movement was important.
JAMES GIRELLINI
Part 1
The population of Latinos in America rose from 3 million to 9 million in the 1960’s. Latinos, was a term used to describe anyone from countries like Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Central and South America. Many Mexican-Americans settled in California and became farmers. A man named Cesar Chavez unionized the farmers and protested for better wages and opportunity. When the Grape Company did not recognize the group as a union, he persuaded supermarkets to boycott Californian grapes. It ended up with the Californian grape company recognizing them as a union. Chavez even fasted for three weeks, losing 35 pounds. Union workers were finally granted higher wages and other benefits.
Native Americans were the poorest race in America at the time and had the highest unemployment rates. Native Americans met and wrote the Declaration of Indian Purpose which stated that Indians should be able to “choose our own way of life.” It also called for policies designed to create economic opportunities on their reserves. Passing of the bill was taking too long so the Native Americans set up the American Indian Movement. It was mainly a self-defense group against police brutality but it later stemmed out to include protection of rights of Indians. Many Native Americans in this group wanted their land restored and respect for their culture.
Women also pushed for equality in the 1960’s. The ideology behind it was feminism, the belief that woman should be equal to men in social, political, and economical ways. Only one out of every three women had paying jobs in the 60’s. These jobs included things like retail sales, social work, teaching, and nursing which all paid poorly. Many women in the country were not happy with this and wanted to start a new movement to gain equal rights. After the civil rights act, employers were not allowed to discriminate on gender. Still it felt like women had too many grievances however. This formed the creation of National Organization for Women. NOW pursued women’s goals and lectured for the creation of child care facilities so that women could work. Starting at only 28 members, it soon grew to 175,000 members. NOW also pushed for it to be illegal for employers to refuse women for traditionally male jobs.
Part 2
Counterculture- Counter Culture was a movement made of white, middle-class youth who were tired of the war with Vietnam. They also were sick of the injustices towards different ethnic groups during the 60’s. Instead of protesting, they just left normal American society and became hippies. Hippies wore outrageous clothing, did drugs, and listened to rock and roll music.
By: Samuel Aguiar
Latinos faced discrimination in many aspects of life. They were often not given the chance to rent homes and very low wages. Although Latinos felt hardship at first, with a growing community, they eventually began to show their power. Many Latinos worked on farm land and were paid very little because there was no minimum wage. This led to Latino workers banding together to create the UFWOC. This stands for United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The UFWOC helped unionize Latino farm workers and helped them gain privileges they did not have before. When congress passed the Bilingual-Education Act in 1968, Latinos knew they were making progress. This law gave schools funds to teach non-english speaking children. Political parties were also formed. The party La Raza Unida was created in 1970 and showed much promise. It helped Latinos hold office as mayor and on school boards.
Women were another party that faced a lot of discrimination during this era. Although they did not face as much of a problem as minorities like the Latinos or Native Americans, they still were thought of as less than a man. They did many things to change this idea. Feminism was a new rising idea that women should be completely equal to men in every single way. Women while they sometimes held exactly the same job, were paid less than a man. The National Organization for Women was a large group that supported womens activism and equality. The National Organization for Women also pushed for the removing of gender-restricted education and creation of child-care facilities
Native Americans while a smaller group than other minorities, faced the worst conditions. The Termination policy, created by Eisenhower, relocated Native-Americans into urban living but completely abolished their culture. While this plan was thought to be great for the Native-Americans, it failed miserably. Native-Americans wanted policies that would help them while they stayed on the reservation. They were not looking for Americanization. While the Native-Americans wanted laws passed to help them, congress passed the Indian Self-Determination Act, which gave Native-Americans much more control over their affairs.
Counter Culture played a large role in the Civil Rights movements and War Protests. The Counter Culture community consisted of mainly rebellious white youth. They were commonly known as Hippies. Hippies were against discrimination and were against violence. They wanted to bring forth a new era of peace and love. While older generations thought of them as bad, many young people followed the Hippie culture.
@Haley McCormick
I think that the involvement of young Native-Americans increased the speed of the movement for Native-American rights. They had a strong community and were always getting bigger.
@Anthonypeccia
Good post. I think that the Hippies were a huge part of the civil rights movement as well. They didn't care who you were they just wanted peace.
Latin Americans faced problems in many ways and parts of their life. They were often not given the chance to rent properties and engage in several activities. Although Latin Americans felt aggravated and hurt at first, they eventually began to show their power and strong culture. Many Latin Americans worked on farms and were paid very little because there was no minimum wage. This led to Latin American workers coming together to create the UFWOC. The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The UFWOC helped bring together Latin American farm workers and helped them gain privileges and opportunities they did not have before. When congress passed the Bilingual-Education Act in 1968, Latinos knew they were making progress and changing history. This law gave schools funds to teach non-English speaking children. Political parties were also formed. The party La Raza Unida was created in 1970 and showed much advancement. It helped Latin Americans become associated with government work.
Native Americans were definitely a smaller group than other groups or race’s that was faced with the worst conditions. While this plan was thought to be great for the Native-Americans, it failed miserably it was called The Termination policy, created by Eisenhower, and it relocated Native-Americans into urban living but completely abolished their culture. Native-Americans wanted policies that would help them while they stayed on the reservation. They were not looking for Americanization. While the Native-Americans wanted laws passed to help them, congress passed the Indian Self-Determination Act, which gave Native-Americans much more control over their affairs.
Women were another party that faced a lot of discrimination during this era. Although they did not face as much of a problem as minorities like the Latinos or Native Americans, they still were thought of as less than a man. They did many things to change this idea. Feminism was a new rising idea that women should be completely equal to men in every single way. Women while they sometimes held exactly the same job, were paid less than a man. The National Organization for Women was a large group that supported women’s activism and equality. The National Organization for Women also pushed for the removing of gender-restricted education and creation of child-care facilities
Counter Culture played a huge part in the Civil Rights movements and War Protests. The Counter Culture community consisted of young white folk who wanted rebellion and something new. They were known as Hippies. Hippies were against discrimination and were against violence and racism. They wanted to bring forth a new era of peace and love, and young folk followed them as well.
@KaitlynGrieb I think that what you said about the hippies changing Civil Rights Movement. With this amazing group the United States bonded and joined together and saw that it was for the best and found out that all race's were all just human and equal, even women. The hippies changed the U.S. because the newer generations understood what was best and new that everyone should be treated equal no matter what race, gender, or religion.
Native Americans, faced cruelty from the start. They faced the termination policy in 1954. It’s
reasonable as to why they were demanding more. They were relocated and their culture was affected. The Declaration of Indian Purpose ended termination and made more opportunities for them. Latino women came from various backgrounds. Due to their race, they had a tough time because they couldn’t get jobs. They felt that they should be treated better so they fought their way to better representation and treatment. A group that was formed during this time is called the United Farm
Workers organizing Committee. This act, allowed other women to become more involved in gaining the equality they deserved. In the 1960’s, women banded together to fight for their equality to others in the world. Women realized that they should have feminism. Women started working in various jobs such as nursing, social work, teaching, etc. But there was still existence of “men’s” work. Women weren’t nearly paid as much as they should’ve been. Women began to realize their unfair treatment. This triggered a widespread impact where woman started fighting for what they believed in. As the thought of equality spread, women worked together to gain political and social status in society. Groups such as the National Organization for Women evolved and gained many supporters who wanted equality. Finally as time passed, the Equal rights amendment was passed. Only 35 of the 38 states needed ratified. Although the outcome was not as successful, the movement still had an impact on society. Women were given more opportunities such as voting. Although there weren’t many drastic changes, women were able to receive better chances at jobs and being treated somewhat equally.
Counterculture- This is a movement that developed during this time. People were looking for individual
rights. It also spread throughout most of the western world. Tensions grew during this time and new
cultural forms emerged. The war between Vietnam has definitely had an impact on American Culture.
This also brought hippies because it was mainly about peace. They were against violence and for the
equality of all people.
@Haley
I agree that the natives faced a lot of harsh treatment. throughout all the years America developed, I feel that they had the worst treatment. They were always relocated and placed in reservations when they were the first to be on the land.
Beau Birtwistle-Chapter 31 Assignment
Part 1- SUMMARIZES Sections 1 and 2 on Latin Americans, Native Americans, and Women. In about a 3/4 page- discuss how their rights and equalities did or did not change during this era. Make sure to draw similarities and differences.
I think that as African Americans were fighting for civil rights, Latinos and Native Americans and women rose up to assert their own rights and improve their lives. In the 1960’s thousands of Latinos working on California's fruit and vegetable farms did backbreaking work for little pay and few benefits, guided by Cesar Chavez and others, they formed Unions and protest, believing also in non-violent approaches. In 1970 his efforts paid off and they would finally be guaranteed higher wages and other benefits long denied them. The Native Americans I believe have always suffered the most and improved the least. The government overlooks them because they are quite and then when they are noticed they are relocated from isolated reservations into mainstream urban American life. Aim a group set up to protect the rights of Native Americans has unified the Native Americans in regaining land from broken U.S. treaties. There have also been several bills passed in order to help Native Americans improve living standards and education. Last but not least Women, although not considered a minority group, women were not given the same rights as men. Again through protest and marches, women will eventually gain the right to hold more meaningful jobs and get better pay and benefits. The equal rights amendment was finally passed in 1972 granting women the same right as men. However it needed 38 states for ratification, by June 1982 not enough states had ratified the bill and it failed.
Part 2- DEFINE counterculture and explain what role it played in both Civil Rights and War Protests. Counterculture is: a movement made up mostly of white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s. Its role in Civil Rights War Protest was based on peace and love and not challenging the system, the youth simply refused to go along with the standards set by most Americans.
Beau Birtwistle-Chapter 31 Assignment
Part 1- SUMMARIZES Sections 1 and 2 on Latin Americans, Native Americans, and Women. In about a 3/4 page- discuss how their rights and equalities did or did not change during this era. Make sure to draw similarities and differences.
I think that as African Americans were fighting for civil rights, Latinos and Native Americans and women rose up to assert their own rights and improve their lives. In the 1960’s thousands of Latinos working on California's fruit and vegetable farms did backbreaking work for little pay and few benefits, guided by Cesar Chavez and others, they formed Unions and protest, believing also in non-violent approaches. In 1970 his efforts paid off and they would finally be guaranteed higher wages and other benefits long denied them. The Native Americans I believe have always suffered the most and improved the least. The government overlooks them because they are quite and then when they are noticed they are relocated from isolated reservations into mainstream urban American life. Aim a group set up to protect the rights of Native Americans has unified the Native Americans in regaining land from broken U.S. treaties. There have also been several bills passed in order to help Native Americans improve living standards and education. Last but not least Women, although not considered a minority group, women were not given the same rights as men. Again through protest and marches, women will eventually gain the right to hold more meaningful jobs and get better pay and benefits. The equal rights amendment was finally passed in 1972 granting women the same right as men. However it needed 38 states for ratification, by June 1982 not enough states had ratified the bill and it failed.
Part 2- DEFINE counterculture and explain what role it played in both Civil Rights and War Protests. Counterculture is: a movement made up mostly of white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s. Its role in Civil Rights War Protest was based on peace and love and not challenging the system, the youth simply refused to go along with the standards set by most Americans.
Latin Americans, Native Americans, and women saw many changes as a result of the civil rights era. In a racist and sexist society, minorities such as these occupied America just the same as you or I, yet they held no liberties or equalities. Latin Americans came in force to America, with hundreds of thousands of them immigrating to find better paying work. What they got was worse than what they had. Society looked down on them and denied them jobs. The few who held jobs worked for pay no better than what they had previously received. This all changed when people like Cesar Chavez came along. He organized the NFWA, which later became a part of the UFWOC, a union that fought for better wages of vineyard workers, leading to a movement of California stores refusing to sell the grape growers’ food. In 1970, the UFWOC finally negotiated with the grape growers, ensuring better wages and benefits. They also led a push for better education, winning bilingual schooling and teaching for their children. The Native Americans faced similar problems. The population rose in the 60s, but their infant death rate was twice the national average, and their life span was several years shorter than ours. In 1954, Eisenhower enacted a termination program to help deal with these issues. However, the plan failed. In 1968, Lyndon Johnson established the NCIO to ensure that the program reflected the needs of the people. Many were dissatisfied with the rate of reform, and it spurred the growth of the American Indian Movement, committed to protecting the rights of the Native American population. AIM sought the restoration of 110 million acres of land, and the abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The AIM hostage situation at Wounded Knee led to the promise of reexamined rights. Following this, Congress passed the 1972 Indian Education Act, followed by the 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, which gave the tribes more control over their own affairs and their children’s education. Land was also returned in 70s and 80s with compensation. Women faced a different story all together. The victim of sexism, a feminist movement took place that changed the course of women’s rights. A wave of feminism swept the nation, with the formation of NOW following to pursue women’s goals that the EEOC didn’t adequately address. The NOW pushed for daycare creation as well as vigorous enforcement of job desegregation. Congress later passed the Equal Rights Amendment for ratification in 1972, and needed 38 states to ratify it. People such as Phyllis Schlafly were against the ERA, and they formed the New Right. The ERA ultimately failed, missing ratification by 3 states by its deadline, but the struggle brought enormous attention to the women’s rights movement, and women still gained many liberties previously unavailable to them.
Counterculture--the culture of the young people who rejected mainstream American society in the 1960s, seeking to create an alternative society based on peace, love, and individual freedom. Members of the counterculture were known as hippies. They felt the American society had grown hollow due to materialism, technology, and war. Thousands of idealistic you left school, work, and home to create a community of peace, love, and harmony. The adoption of Zen Buddhism preached that peace could be found without war or violence, furthering the war protests of the time. They wanted civil rights for all, preaching strong independence from the government, and society. This further helped the civil rights movement in a way, as it preached independence that would bring about freedom. However, the movement only lasted a few years, as hippies became dependent on each other, and the government they had earlier rejected when their fellow hippies had the same problems. It also spurred a sexual revolution, with the new standards being more permissive. Society saw this as a lack of respect for the accepted social norms. While it only lasted shortly, counterculture’s influence spread far and wide.
@KaitlynGrieb
I agree with you Kaitlyn on your opinion on counterculture. It definately changed the perspective on civil rights and anti-war protesting. Women and men did whatever they wanted whenever, and acted independent from society. Also, the hippies preached peace, and were opposed to war, thinking it had hollowed society out.
During the 1960’s there was great change for Latinos, Native Americans, and women in America. These groups saw the sixties as an opportunity to reform their county and their own lives. In 1962 Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerto created the National Farm Workers Association to unionize the Latino farm workers. Their jobs were very labor intensive yet they received very little pay. Within a few years the National Farm Workers Association merged with a Filipino agricultural union to for the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. The activities of the workers inspired fellow Latinos to have “brown power” throughout the country. Puerto Ricans in New York demanded Spanish-speaking classes for their children and Chicanos in California demanded smaller classes and more Chicano teachers. The MAPA helped elect Edward Roybal to the House of Representatives. La Raza Unida ran Latino candidates in five states that won positions for mayor, school boards, and city councils.
The Native Americans struggled for equality as well. Native Americans have been the poorest and highest unemployment. In 1961 the Native American groups met and drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose. Many Native Americans were dissatisfied with the pace of the reform. That dissatisfaction is what ignited the growth of AIM. In 1972 one of the leaders of AIM, Russell Means organized the “Trail of Broken Treaties” march that took place in Washington D.C. This march protested America’s history of breaking treaties and stealing form the Native Americans. In their Reform the Native Americans were able to receive money from some of the land that was stolen from them.
Although Women were not a minority group, they also had a major reform in the sixties. Women wanted more to their lives. They wanted to be paid the rate as men were. That was the birth of the feminist movement. When women were involved in the civil rights movement and anti-war protests, they felt discriminated against. Men were always the ones who got to take charge giving very little opportunity for the women. Women were tired of sexism in every aspect of their lives. NOW (the National Organization for Women) wanted things like childcare and no discrimination in job hiring. NOW also supported abortion in the first three months of pregnancy. So the controversial ruling of Roe v. Wade was a success for NOW. However some conservative women like Phyllis Schlafly believed that the movement could only lead to horrible situations like drafting women, same-sex marriages and other tragedies.
The counterculture movement was a movement mad of mostly young, middle-class, white rebels who wanted peace and love throughout the world. The counterculture movement was made out of hippies. Hippies were known by rock ‘n’ roll music, ridiculous clothes, marijuana and LSD, and sexuality. They wore ragged jeans, bright tie-dyed t-shirts, love beads, Native American ornaments, and often had long hair. Their philosophy was “to do your own thing” expressing individuality throughout. The counterculture movement was a short-lived time that is remembered forever.
To Justin Blankenbaker
I like how you mentioned how important Cesar Chavez was to the Latinos. He must of been like a super hero to them; giving the Latinos the opportunity to have a new chance in life. Also I find it amazing how much Hippies are still talked about today. For them having little respect during the sixties and seventies I think they are very popular among the current youth.
@ Greer Forseth- I like how you mentioned "The Counterculture movement was a short-lived time that is remebered forever." Because even today Hippies are still around and live amongst us as normal people.
During the 1960s, Latino population in the U.S. rocketed from 3 to 9 million. Today, Latino people have origins from; Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Central America, and South America. Their fights for Civil Rights are very unique. Like the other groups, they were segregated, and not given equal opportunities. This lack of respect and equality was easily seen through the farming community. Unionizing and the use of political leaders, such as Caesar Chavez, aided in their gaining of equality.
Native Americans also had a unique struggle. They felt that mainstream culture had no respect for them, seeing as they were the poorest group with the highest unemployment rates, simply because they don’t blend into mainstream American society. Young Natives wanted to speed up reform. AIM’s use of violent protests won the governments cooperation, and they were given their sacred lands.
Probably one of the most unique movements, and closest to my heart, is the Women’s Rights Movements. At this time, it was clear that women were nowhere near being equal to men in society. Women struggled to gain acceptance as equals and a voice in a overly male environment. Through books, education, demonstrations, and protests, women were able to shed light on these injustices, and transform girls’ thoughts of their futures. Personally, I have so much gratitude for the feminists of this time period. Without their extreme (for the time) ideas, women would ever have had the courage to fight for our rights. It is because of them that I don’t feel prejudices at school, in my future or any aspect of life.
All three groups faced unique and tremendous opposition, only to come out on top, and make our country better.
@ Kaitlyn
In my statement, I felt great appreciation for the women who came before me. Do you, personally, feel the ramifications and direct influence of the women of this time?
During the 1960s the groups of Latinos, African Americans, Native Americans wanted equality. The theory behind womens movement was feminism, the belief that women should have economic political, and social equality with men. In 1950 only one out of three women worked for wages by 1960 that increased to about 40 percent. Still jobs were consider mens work and women were shut out. 28 women created the National Organization for Women to pursue womens goals.
Latinos wanted equality in the world and they also wanted their culture and heritage to be respected. Many Puerto Ricans began immigrating to the United States after the U.S. occupation of Puerto Rico in 1898. As of 1960s almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans were living in teh continental U.S. including almost half a million on New York City's West side. Wherever they settled they faced prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing.
Native Americans felt a lack of autonomy or ability to control and govern their own lives. Native Americans as a group were the poorest. Many young Native Americans were dissatisfied with the slow pace of refor. their dicontent fueled the growth of the American Indian Movement, an often militant Native American rights organization.
Counterculture- a movement made up mostly of white, middlie class youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s. The hippies went along with everyone. They didnt hate on Native Americans or any one else. They wanted peace and not war. They couldnt care less what you looked like as long as everyone was getting along!
@Samuel Aguiar
I agree with you, the hippies could not care less if you were colored. They didnt want discrimination. Also good post .
Part1:In the 1960’s Hispanic- American workers where fed up of doing all of their tough labor and not receiving any benefits, and they weren’t even provided a minimum wage, but their buyers would get the products harvested off of the crops and sell them for un believable profits. On top of that, the Latinos’ unemployment and poverty rate was 50% higher than whites. They weren’t receiving equal opportunity or respect from other Americans. Some businesses wouldn’t even hire someone with a Latino sounding last name, illegal immigrant or not. The Hispanic farm workers in California were tired of their low pay and mistreatment, so with the help of Cesar Chavez and Dolore Huerta they founded the National Farm Workers Association. Soon they merged with an agricultural union for Filipinos and formed the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee. Chavez believed in using a non violent approach, so he sent his union members all over the country to talk to grocery stores and shoppers. They were told to convince them to boycott California grapes. Their efforts paid off. The union workers received higher wages and the benefits they always hoped for.
Chavez and his union members created a new era, “brown pride”. Kids of Mexican decent began to refer to themselves as Chicanos or Chicanas, and took a lot of pride in their heritage. They helped create programs at their schools and collages for Spanish speaking students. Politically, they advanced as well. La Raza Unidad (Mexican-Americans United) was created and had several of their members run for political offices and positions on school boards.
At the same time, Native Americans were looking for more power, which has been a struggle ever since our country was discovered by Europeans. They have been the poorest Americans with the highest unemployment rate, and the lowest life expectancy. Plans were made to move Native Americans from their reservations, into the city. This plan failed. 61 Native Americans worked together to create the Declaration of Indian Purpose, which stressed how the Natives wanted to be able to choose the way they want to live. The American Indian Movement was then formed. They wanted their rights back, and more respect for their culture. They led several violent and nonviolent protests. In the end they mostly remained on their reservations.
There was still another group who were done with putting up with the way they have been treated, since basically the beginning of time. Betty Friedan spoke out about the way she felt, and even wrote a book. She was unsatisfied with the life woman are “supposed” to lead. Feminist began to pop back up again; they wanted to have economic, political, and social equality with men. By 1950, only 1/3 of women worked for wages. By 1960, it increased by 40%, even then some jobs were just considered “men’s work” so women didn’t even have a chance there. All of the socially acceptable jobs for women were poorly paid, they wanted more. An eye opener for many women was when it was revealed that men were getting paid more than women, for doing the same exact job and the same amount of hours. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 passed, which prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was then created. NOW pushed to have child care facilities open so that they could pursue their own careers, and to have sex-segregated jobs made illegal. In 1972, Congress banned discrimination in “any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”. Now supported a woman’s right to get an abortion during the first three months of pregnancy; this issue still remains divided among Americans today. Conservatives and some religious groups became anti-feminists. They didn’t support equal rights acts for women. However, the women continued and now have equal rights to men.
Part 2:
Counterculture is “a set of cultural ideas that, to some extent, differ from and conflict with, those generally upheld in the society.” This causes many issues between racial and gender groups because there is this way that society is “supposed” to be, set by things that have gone on in the past, religious beliefs, and the media. The issues arise when the minority or mistreated group stands up to let the people who discriminate and degrade them, know that they do it. There should be no reason why anyone should ever feel less than anyone else. In America we are all about freedom. When we brag about our freedoms, it needs to include everyone. No one can be left out. It’s just wrong for anyone to feel that they are superior to another. When the media or the justice system discriminates it makes people think that is it okay, it’s not.
@Samuel Aguiar
I think you did a fabulous job summarizing everything we read. Each summery touched everything important and didn't drag on unimportant parts. However, when you talked about women, you said how they deceived much discrimination in the "era" but to be quite honest, woman have been facing discrimination for their entire existence. Even things way back in the days of knights and kings, the king had all of these woman on the side, that meant nothing to him, while still being married, and that was acceptable. Even in the Bible, woman aren't nearly as recognized as men. I still think you did a really nice job and I like how you mentioned hippies. Even though they are known for their drugs and dirty hair, they didn't discriminate against people. They really felt that everyone should be treated equal, which is the way we should all think.
During the 1960s, many diverse ethnic groups started immigrating to the United States. Mexican Americans migrated to the Southwest and California. Puerto Ricans moved into New York City’s West Side. A large Cuban population also formed in New York, Miami and New Jersey. Immediately these minorities were forced into a segregated lifestyle including run down housing and a higher percentage of unemployment. As Latinos started to fight for their rights, The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee was set in place to act as a union for these farm workers. “Brown Power” movements were starting to be made all over the country by many ethnicities. La Raza Unida (The People United) was then created by Jose Angel Gutierrez. Many minorities kept to their heritage and did not form into any sort of main stream, making it hard for any race to fully integrate with the rest of the nation. Native Americans joined the train when the American Indian Movement (AIM) took place.
Native Americans did accomplish some of what they wanted to, such as the Indian Education in 1972, along with the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act in 1975. These laws allowed to tribes to have greater control of their own education and various life affairs. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971 gave more than 40 million acres to native tribes in recognition of their land. This sparked a wave of activism from the Native Americans—something that we all hoped we would see eventually.
Another movement in the 1960s was the women’s movement. These actions promoted feminism across the country. When women earned the right to vote, the movement for these rights started to erupt. Although this strive did not remain consistent for 40 years, it reawakened in 1960 with many strong ideas. The number of women increased by 40% in the 1960s. Although they were low paying tedious jobs, women still appreciated the right to labor. To legally recognize it, Kennedy organized the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in 1961.
During the civil rights movement, women felt that their role was far less important. Leaders of committees such as SNCC and SDS were male and the women withheld less important roles. Women started to get together to discuss what they thought about these civil rights to make them feel more important. The National Organization for Women (NOW) was created to achieve the goals women had in mind. Bigger controversies that dealt with sports and social standings were identified by many and protested against in time.
In 1973, women were allowed to right to abortion within the first 3 months of the pregnancy. Many thought this issue would provide closure with that decision, but the subject is still controversial today.
Counterculture is a movement made up of mostly white, middle-class college youths who had grown disillusioned with the war in Vietnam and injustices in America during the 1960s. This specific group of people makes up a great amount of the contributing population at this time. Without the intense support of this population, the nation lost a lot of its valuable reason. Instead this generation became a generation of hippie culture. They cared about living easy at taking the world one day at a time. As far as its role with protest, it had no sort of negative effect on any part of the 1960s debates because the idea was so easygoing that no one needed to deal with anything. It really changed the was Americans thought at the time.
Katie Olsen
@KaitlynGrieb
I like the fact that you mentioned guys could cook and women could work on cars when you were talking about counterculture. It is interesting to think that such events like that could occur during that time period. I like that you pointed it out!
Katie Olsen
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